Bibliographies -+Parenthetical+References

When you use information in your paper from a source, you must cite it. Citing is the process through which you both prove your information is reliable, and give credit to the original writer. You do this by creating a work cited page and using parenthetical citations.
 * Using Parenthetical Citations**

*** Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information in the bibliography. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited page (Purdue OWL).

__The purpose of using parenthetical citations in your paper is to__:
 * Briefly let the reader know that you are using the words or ideas of another author.
 * Direct your reader to a complete citation of the work in your Work Cited page.
 * Avoid plagiarism

__MLA Parenthetical citations consist of two parts:__
 * The author’s name, which directs your reader to an entry in your work cited page (in cases where there is no author, you will use the title of the work).
 * A page number, which directs your reader to a specific section of the work.

__When should you use parenthetical citations?__
 * Direct quotations (entire sentences or phrases).
 * Paraphrase – when you rewrite the author's words using your own words.
 * Summarize - when you condense the authors words into a few sentences.

**Formatting the Parenthetical Citation** __Provide the Author’s last name and the page number in parentheses. __ Ex.: In 1900, the worst hurricane in the United States history hit Galveston, Texas. “A storm surge almost two stories high broke over the city, causing 20- foot floods and more than 8,000 deaths” (Skelton 4).

__If you already name the author in your sentence or paragraph, just include the page number in parentheses. __ Ex.: In Hurricane Force, Michael Miles explains that cool air draws heat and moisture from warm bodies of water to form a storm (22).

__For sources that do not list an author, use the title and page number. __ If the article title is in quotation marks, use quotation marks in your parenthetical citation. Ex.: The winds of a hurricane are most violent around the eye (“Hurricane Season” 7).

__For sources that do not use page numbers, use just the author or title. __ Ex.: Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean are called cyclones (Nealy).

**Examples:**
__Article: __ On Dec. 1, 1955, a black seamstress in Montgomery, Ala., refused to give up her seat for a white passenger on a bus and was arrested. For Rosa Parks, 42, it was a simple act of defiance, but it had profound consequences: It ignited a yearlong bus boycott that would elevate the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence and galvanize the emerging civil rights movement.

__Work Cited Page: __ Roberts, Sam. "1955: moving to the Front of the bus: during the Montgomery bus boycott, blacks used their wallets as weapons in the struggle for civil rights." // New York Times Upfront // 14 Nov. 2005: 20+. // Gale Student Resources In Context //. Web. 6 Feb. 2012. __Parenthetical Citation __ Rosa Park's refusal to give up her seat had far reaching effects on the Civil Rights Movement including a bus boycott that would help create a national platform for Martin Luther King, Jr. (Roberts).

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Article: __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In a country with a history of great oratory Martin Luther King stands high. His spellbinding 'I Have a Dream' speech to a huge crowd in Washington DC in 1963 was admired all over the world. He had first come to public attention as an inspiring leader during the Alabama bus boycott which began in 1955, when he was twenty-six... King went on to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and to become in the 1960s the most famous single figure in the United States civil rights movement.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Source citation: __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">"The Death of the Dream: April 4th, 1968." //History Today// 58.4 (2008): 14-. //ProQuest Discovery.// Web. 6 Feb. 2012.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Parenthetical Citation __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Martin Luther King Jr. became a remarkable civil rights leader through his actions during the Alabama bus boycott in 1955. It helped him become one of the most famous figures of the civil rights movement ("The Death of the Dream").